Текст
Сама суть научной мысли с необходимостью предполагает возможность самостоятельного выбора ученым исследовательской позиции, всестороннее изучение различных точек зрения и свободную дискуссию. В тоталитарном государстве в результате насаждения властью единомыслия конфликт с наукой становится неизбежным. В СССР этот конфликт привел к двум очевидным последствиям: идеологизации науки, превращению ее в набор закостеневших догм, и к физической расправе над инакомыслящими учеными. В этом слое мы рассматриваем топографию репрессированной науки в Москве.
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Concentration camps were sites of enforced isolation where the Soviet regime sentenced citizens who were considered politically and socially dangerous or undesirable. Unlike prisons, concentration camps were initially designed to function as temporary sites of imprisonment where people were sent on special orders. In most cases, concentration camp prisoners were also sentenced to forced labor.
Слой посвящен местам принудительных трудовых командировок заключенных московских концлагерей. Как писал Николай Бухарин в начале 1920-х, «пролетарское принуждение во всех своих формах, начиная от расстрелов и кончая трудовой повинностью, является <…> методом выработки коммунистического человечества из человеческого материала капиталистической эпохи». Одной из официальных задач, поставленных перед системой концлагерей в первые годы советской власти, было использование труда заключенных.
Unfortunately, many of the exact places where victims were executed and buried remain unknown. Open searches for information about them in the administrative archives of the FSB and Interior Ministry is forbidden. It is known for certain that no less than 29,900 people were executed in Moscow during the Great Terror. According to the latest data gathered by International Memorial, the total number of people who were executed for political reasons during the Soviet era was at least 40,000-42,000 people.
Unfortunately, many execution sites and burial sites remain unknown. Open searches for information in the administrative archives of the FSB (Federalnaya sluzhba bezopasnosti, the Russian Federal Security Service) and Interior Ministry are still not possible.
Вы спрашиваете, что такое шарашка? Шарашку придумал, если хотите, Данте. Он разрывался — куда ему поместить античных мудрецов? Долг христианина повелевал кинуть этих язычников в ад. Но совесть возрожденца не могла примириться, чтобы светлоумных мужей смешать с прочими грешниками и обречь телесным пыткам. И Данте придумал для них в аду особое место.
Александр Солженицын. В круге первом
After the October Revolution in 1917, the old punitive system began to be restructured. In theory, re-education and the eradication of class inequality, which caused people to commit crimes, should have led to the total elimination of prisons and other forms of incarceration. In practice, prisons became centers of mass political illegalities. In the beginning of the 1990s, it became known that about one third of Soviet citizens (or their parents) had been imprisoned at least once.
The Bolshevik Revolution of 1917, the Civil War, famine, unemployment, collectivization, dekulakization (raskulachivanie), repression, and the Second World War were tough trials for many. All of these events also affected the most vulnerable members of Soviet society—children. Without the opportunity to change or determine their destinies, children were probably the most powerless and forgotten victims of the Soviet regime. Many of them lost their childhood, parents, real names, dates of birth, and often their lives.
The demonstration held on the tenth anniversary of the October Revolution, November 7, 1927, was the opposition's first non-violent public protest in Moscow. Alas, it was also the last such protest in the Soviet Union during Stalin's reign.
Varlam Shalamov (1907–1982) is best known as the author of Kolyma Tales, a collection of five series of short stories about life in the Kolyma camps, and "Essays on the Criminal World." Shalamov’s texts acquaint the reader with his biography. They vividly convey the atmosphere in which this great writer lived and where he found inspiration.